With the approval this month of two drugs to treat hepatitis C in children, these often overlooked victims of the opioid epidemic have a better chance at a cure. Kids may have an easier time than adults getting treatment approved, some experts say.
Medicaid programs and private insurers have often balked at paying for the pricey drugs for adults, but stricter Medicaid guidelines for kids may make coverage more routine.
The two drugs approved for pediatric use by the Food and Drug Administration, Harvoni and Sovaldi, both have been highly effective in treating adults with the disease. In two clinical trials of children ages 12 to 17, the drugs eliminated all traces of the virus in 97 to 100 percent of patients, generally in 12 weeks. Trials that test the effectiveness of the drugs in younger children are ongoing.
“It’s great news for our kids,” said Dr. Jessica Wen, medical director for the viral hepatitis clinical care program Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, which had more than a dozen kids participating in the trials. “Historically every new medication that’s approved for adults, there’s always a lag for pediatrics,” she said, noting that the wait can be as long as a decade.
The FDA approved Sovaldi in 2013 and Harvoni in 2014 for adults, and the drugs were widely hailed because they cured nearly everyone with minimal side effects, typically in 12 weeks. Earlier treatment regimens that required interferon injections and antiviral pills for six months or more were less effective and frequently caused severe side effects.
But until the FDA approved the drugs for pediatric use, many doctors were delaying treatment. Because the FDA approval applies to children 12 and older who weigh at least 77 pounds, this group would require an adult dose.
Researchers estimate that 23,000 to 46,000 children in the United States are infected with hepatitis C, a blood-borne infection that causes inflammation of the liver and can lead to liver failure, cancer and death.
Most of the estimated 2.7 million to 3.9 million people overall that have chronic hepatitis C in the U.S. got it from transfusions of contaminated blood or sharing needles and other equipment while injecting illicit drugs.
But only about 20 percent of children get it from drug use. The majority of kids become infected by their mom during pregnancy. A baby has about a 6 percent chance of contracting hepatitis C if their mother has it.
Since neither adults nor children are routinely screened for hepatitis C and many don’t develop any symptoms after becoming infected, people may have the disease for years before learning they’re sick.
Children often come to clinicians’ attention when their regular pediatrician learns the mother is infected, said Dr. Karen Murray, a professor of pediatrics at University of Washington medical school who works at Seattle Children’s Hospital, which had several children in the trials.
Children who contract hepatitis C may suffer less liver damage over time than those who contract it as adults, Murray said.
Still, “there are all these social and biological events that may happen like marriage and childbirth, and it would be nice if they were cleared of the virus before then,” she said.
When the new drugs were introduced a few years ago, insurers often balked at the price tag, which typically approached $100,000 for a course of treatment. Medicaid programs, in particular, restricted access to the drugs for adults, often requiring that people have significant liver damage and/or prove that they’d been drug- and alcohol-free for several months before they would approve treatment. (Because the drugs weren’t approved for children, many pediatricians said they didn’t attempt to prescribe them.)
Increased competition from the introduction of new drugs has helped reduce the price somewhat in recent years, and insurers aren’t creating quite as many obstacles to treatment now, said Ryan Clary, executive director of the National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable, an advocacy group.
However, “coverage is still a very significant problem,” Clary said.
Insurance coverage may be less problematic for children, experts say. Under federal law, state Medicaid programs must cover “early and periodic screening, diagnostic, and treatment services” for children under age 21 that are necessary to correct or ameliorate physical and mental illnesses.
“The short answer is that [Medicaid] will likely require coverage for all kids regardless of whatever the coverage policies for adults may be,” said Matt Salo, executive director of the National Association of Medicaid Directors.
State Medicaid programs have leeway with adults to decide that a treatment isn’t medically necessary unless the person’s liver is damaged, said Kelly Whitener, an associate professor at Georgetown’s Center for Children and Families.
“But for kids, the federal standard … is broader, so medical necessity could not be linked to severity of illness/liver disease,” she said.
It’s unclear what private insurers will do regarding coverage for kids.
“Given these are recently approved drugs, we expect plans will follow their normal practices,” said Kristine Grow, a spokeswoman for America’s Health Insurance Plans, a trade group. “This includes evaluating the evidence, systematic review of the medication’s effectiveness, considering any federal or state mandates, and updating their policies as new evidence is available.”
This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.
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