When I went to the imaging center for my regular mammogram last year, the woman behind the desk asked me if I’d like to get a “3-D” mammogram instead of the standard test I’d had in the past.
“It’s more accurate,” she said.
What do you say to that? “No, thanks, I’d rather have the test that gets it wrong?” Of course, I agreed.
A growing number of women are likely to face a similar choice in coming years as imaging centers across the country add three-dimensional (3-D) mammography, also called digital breast tomosynthesis, to the two-dimensional (2-D) screening women customarily receive.
What’s not yet clear is whether this newer, more expensive technology is better at catching cancers that are likely to kill. So should it be widely recommended? And who should pick up the extra cost involved?
A growing number of states require commercial insurers to cover 3-D mammograms, including Arkansas, Texas, Connecticut, Maryland, Illinois and Pennsylvania. California does not.
“Most of the larger insurers in California were denying them on a blanket basis,” said Bob Achermann, executive director of the California Radiological Society.
That prompted hundreds of people to ask one of the state’s health insurance regulators, the Department of Managed Health Care, to overturn the denials. The number of the regulator’s rulings on mammograms surged about 400 percent from 2015 to 2016, largely related to 3-D mammograms, state data show.
The department overwhelmingly ruled in favor of the patients.
In 2016, Achermann’s association supported a bill that would have required universal coverage of the 3-D screening, but the proposal failed.
Since then, more California insurers have started covering the screening anyway, Achermann said. At this point, he said, the state probably doesn’t need a mandate for the 3-D test.
“It’s pretty broadly accepted now,” he said.
According to the Food and Drug Administration, there were 3,915 certified mammography imaging facilities that offered digital breast tomosynthesis in January. That’s a sharp increase over the previous January, when the total was 3,011.
Some facilities have switched over entirely to 3-D imaging, but many practices have both, experts said.
“There’s a lot of marketing pressure to offer these new machines,” said Robert Smith, vice president of cancer screening at the American Cancer Society.
Both types of tests use X-ray technology to create images of the breast. The 2-D digital mammograms that most women receive typically provide front and side images, while for the 3-D test the X-ray arcs across the breast, creating multiple images of breast tissue. The experience is the same for women, though, because both scans involve compressing the breast between two plates extending from the machine.
Studies have generally shown that the 3-D test is slightly better at detecting cancers than the 2-D test, and women typically have to return less often to have additional images taken. But the jury is still out on whether the newer technology is any better at identifying the advanced cancers that will become lethal.
“Cancers don’t always progress and kill people,” said Dr. Etta Pisano, chief science officer at the American College of Radiology’s Center for Research and Innovation and a faculty member at Harvard Medical School. Pisano is leading a five-year clinical trial of 165,000 women that will compare the two types of screening tests to evaluate whether the new technology reduces the risk that women will develop life-threatening cancers.
“If tomosynthesis is improving the likelihood of women to survive their breast cancers, they should have fewer cancers that are more likely to kill women over the 4.5 years of screening. Since tomosynthesis caught them early, they’ll never grow up to be bad cancers,” Pisano said.
Overdiagnosis is one of the potential downsides of this technology, said Dr. David Grossman, chair of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. The more sensitive test picks up more breast lesions for which the clinical significance is unclear, potentially resulting in women receiving more testing and treatment they don’t need. Some research suggests the biopsy rate is slightly higher with 3-D mammograms.
In addition, some of the mammography systems require both 2-D and 3-D X-rays, which can expose women to twice as much radiation. Other systems are able to generate a 2-D image from the 3-D version with software, eliminating the extra exposure. The 2-D image is important because clusters of calcifications, which may signal breast cancer, might be easier to see on the 2-D image, said Pisano.
Under the Affordable Care Act, most health plans are required to cover preventive services that are recommended by the task force without charging patients anything out-of-pocket. The task force recommends biennial mammograms for women ages 50 to 74, but it says that there’s not enough evidence to recommend 3-D mammograms at this time.
Insurance coverage of 3-D testing has improved in recent years, but it’s not assured. The 3-D test typically costs about $50 more than a 2-D test, according to a 2015 study by Truven Health Analytics that was funded by Hologic, a manufacturer of 3-D mammography systems. Medicare also covers 3-D tests.
My state of New York requires coverage without any out-of-pocket payments. Though I didn’t have to pay it, the explanation of benefits form I got from my insurer said the 3-D portion of the test added $51 to the $157 cost of the mammogram.
“Costs are high for new technologies,” Pisano said. “Maybe they are better, but we need to have evidence before we recommend it for the entire population.”
So if you’re offered a 3-D test, should you get it?
“If the examination is available at no extra cost, the data we have now tells us it has some advantages,” said Smith. On the other hand, “any woman who’s feeling stressed about the extra cost … should feel comfortable getting a regular mammogram,” he said.
Sacramento correspondent Pauline Bartolone contributed to this report.
This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.